Governance
Riyad Bank would not have achieved all the achievements it witnessed in the year 2020, despite all the unprecedented challenges it presented this year, had it not been for the perseverance and experience of the members of its committees and the wisdom of its leadership and foresight. The Bank’s Board of Directors and the various committees emanating from it, from the Executive Committee to the Audit Committee, the Risk Management Committee, the Nominations and Remuneration Committee and the Strategic Planning Group, worked to follow up all global and local events and their impact on the bank, its customers and its partners to ensure the protection of the assets and interests of all stakeholders . The committees recorded an ideal attendance in all their meetings, with attendance rates ranging between 97% and 100%. Riyad Bank's governance bodies will continue to devote their efforts in the coming years to achieve sustainable and responsible growth for the various sectors of the bank and its beneficiaries.
Members of the Board of Directors and its committees
The Bank’s Board of Directors
The Bank is managed by a board of directors consisting of ten members, elected by the general assembly every three years. The Board of Directors in its current term includes five independent members and five non-executive members, according to the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Corporate Governance Regulations issued by the Capital Market Authority. The Board of Directors conducted seven meetings during the year 2020, and the attendance rate of the meetings, was (in person) 98.57% but reached 100%, taking into account those who attended by proxy.
Composition of the Board of Directors and classification of its members
Member’s name | Position Representation |
Membership rating |
Representation |
1. Eng. Abdullah Mohammed Al-Issa | Chairman of Board of Directors | Non-executive | – |
2. Eng. Mutaz Kusai AlAzzawi | Deputy Chairman of the Board | Independent | – |
3. Ibrahim Hassan Sharbatly | Member of the Board of Directors | Independent | – |
4. Jamal Abdul-Karim Al-Rammah | Member of the Board of Directors | Independent | – |
5. Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | Member of the Board of Directors | Independent | – |
6. Abdul-Rahman Amin Jawa | Member of the Board of Directors | Non-executive | Public Investment Fund |
7. Mohammed Talal Al-Nahas | Member of the Board of Directors | Independent | Public Pension Agency |
8. Mohammed Abdulaziz Al-Afaleq | Member of the Board of Directors | Non-executive | – |
9. Mohammed Omair Al-Otaibi | Member of the Board of Directors | Non-executive | Public Investment Fund |
10. Nader Ibrahim Al-Wehibi | Member of the Board of Directors | Non-executive | Hassana Investment Company |
Board meetings in the year 2020
Attendance record of the Board Members, in person and by proxy, for the board meetings in 2020 | |||||||
Member name | 2020.01.22 | 2020.03.25 | 2020.04.22 | 2020.06.17 | 2020.09.08 | 2020.11.01 | 2020.12.06 |
1. Eng. Abdullah Mohammed Al-Issa | |||||||
2. Eng. Mutaz Kusai AlAzzawi | |||||||
3. Ibrahim Hassan Sharbatly | |||||||
4. Jamal Abdul-Karim Al-Rammah | |||||||
5. Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | |||||||
6. Abdul-Rahman Amin Jawa | Agency | ||||||
7. Mohammed Talal Al-Nahas | |||||||
8. Mohammed Abdulaziz Al-Afaleq | |||||||
9. Mohammed Omair Al-Otaibi | |||||||
10. Nader Ibrahim Al-Wehibi |
Committees emanating from the Board of Directors
The Board of Directors of Riyad Bank delegates some of its duties to the main committees formed from the members of the Board, with the exception of the audit committee, includes in its composition in addition to two members of the Board, three members from outside the Board and the Nominations and Compensations Committee, includes in its composition in addition to three members from the Board, two members from outside the Board.
The following is an explanation of the main duties of the Bank's Board Committees.
1 - The Executive Committee
Main tasks and responsibilities
The Executive Committee exercises the credit, banking, financial and administrative powers in the bank that are granted by the Board of Directors. The Executive Committee in the bank consists of five members, and the number of meetings of the Committee during the year 2020 was twelve, and the attendance rate for the meetings was (in person) 98.3%, but reached 100%, taking into account those who attended by proxy.
Executive Committee meetings in the year 2020
Attendance record of the members of the Executive Committee, in person or by proxy, for the committee meetings in 2020 | ||||||||||
Member | Position | 2020.01.21 | 2020.02.26 | 2020.04.01 | 2020.04.26 | 2020.06.10 | 2020.07.22 | 2020.07.27 | 2020.09.02 | 2020.10.14 |
1. Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | President | |||||||||
2. Abdul-Rahman Amin Jawa | Member | Agency | ||||||||
3. Eng. Mutaz Kusai AlAzzawi | Member | |||||||||
4. Mohammed Abdulaziz Al-Afaleq | Member | |||||||||
5. Nader Ibrahim Al-Wehibi | Member |
Attendance record of the members of the members of the Executive Committee, in person or by proxy, for the committee meetings in 2020 | ||||
Member | Position | 2020.11.11 | 2020.11.23 | 2020.12.16 |
1. Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | President | |||
2. Abdul-Rahman Amin Jawa | Member | |||
3. Eng. Mutaz Kusai AlAzzawi | Member | |||
4. Mohammed Abdulaziz Al-Afaleq | Member | |||
5. Nader Ibrahim Al-Wehibi | Member |
2 - Audit Committee
Main duties and responsibilities
The Audit Committee exercises supervisory oversight of the financial reporting processes, the processes related to compliance and compliance with the relevant laws and regulations, monitors the effectiveness and efficiency of the internal control system, recommends the selection of auditors, studies and reviews the interim and annual financial statements, and recommends them to the Board of Directors.
The Audit Committee in the bank consists of five members, of whom three are from outside the Board of Directors and they are Mr. Tareq Abdullah Al-Qaraawy, Dr. Abdul Raouf Sullaiman Banaja, and Mr. Abdul Aziz Abdullah Al-Duailej. The Audit Committee was formed by a decision from the General Assembly on 30 September 2019. The number of audit committee meetings during the year 2020 was nine, and the attendance rate was 97.7%.
Audit Committee meetings in the year 2020
Gentlemen attendance record of the Executive Committee members and the originality of the Agency for the meetings of the Committee in 2020 | ||||||||||
Members | Position | 2020.01.22 | 2020.03.26 | 2020.04.21 | 2020.06.25 | 2020.07.21 | 2020.08.27 | 2020.09.28 | 2020.10.27 | 2020.12.28 |
1. Jamal Abdul-Karim Al-Rammah | President | |||||||||
2. Mohammed Omair Al-Otaibi | Member | |||||||||
3. Tareq Abdullah Al-Qaraawy | Member | |||||||||
4. AbdulRaouf Sullaiman Banaja | Member | |||||||||
5. Abdul Aziz Abdullah Al-Duailej | Member |
3 - Risk Management Committee
Main duties and responsibilities
The Risk Management Committee assists the Board of Directors in carrying out its responsibilities by fully supervising the Bank's risk strategy, reviewing acceptable risk levels, making recommendations to the Board of Directors, and monitoring the executive management's commitment to the risk limits approved by the Board of Directors and their implementation. In this regard, it may review all aspects and types of the risks that the bank is exposed to, review the extent of the executive management’s commitment to the controls for managing these risks, and verify the adequacy of the measures taken to hedge them. The Risk Management Committee in the bank consists of three members, and the number of meetings of the Risk Management Committee during the year 2020 was six, and the attendance rate of the meetings was (in person) 100%.
Meetings of the Risk Management Committee in the year 2020
Gentlemen attendance record of members of the Risk Management Committee and the originality of the Agency for the meetings of the Committee in 2020 | |||||||
Members | Position | 2020.02.26 | 2020.04.23 | 2020.05.11 | 2020.08.26 | 2020.11.18 | 2020.12.23 |
1. Mohammed Abdulaziz Al-Afaleq | President | ||||||
2. Jamal Abdul-Karim Al-Rammah | Member | ||||||
3. Mohammed Omair Al-Otaibi | Member |
4 - Nomination and Remuneration Committee
Main duties and responsibilities
The Nomination and Remuneration Committee supports the Board of Directors with regard to the Board’s governance, proposes a remuneration policy for members of the Board of Directors, its committees, and senior management officials. It reviews and evaluates the adequacy and effectiveness of the remuneration, compensation and incentives policy on a regular basis to ensure that the set goals are achieved, assess the methods and methods of remuneration payment, and review the commitment Rewards policy according to the rules of the Central Bank of Saudi Arabia.
The Nominations and Compensations Committee also sets the nomination and selection policy for Board membership, and ensures that all members meet the statutory requirements for Board membership in accordance with the relevant regulations. The Committee consists of five members, including two members from outside the board of directors, namely Eng. Ahmad Mohammed Al-Faleh and Eng. Khalid Saleh Al-Turairi. The number of meetings of the Nominations and Compensations Committee during the year 2020 was six, and the attendance rate of the meetings (in person) was 100%.
Committee meetings of the Nomination and Remuneration in the year 2020
Gentlemen attendance record of members of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee in 2020 | |||||||
Members | Position | 2020.02.05 | 2020.04.16 | 2020.05.31 | 2020.07.09 | 2020.10.05 | 2020.10.22 |
1. Eng. Mutaz Kusai AlAzzawi | President | ||||||
2. Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | Member | ||||||
3. Nader Ibrahim Al-Wehibi | Member | ||||||
4. Eng. Ahmad Mohammed Al-Faleh | Member | ||||||
5. Eng. Khalid Saleh Al-Turairi | Member |
5 - Strategic Planning Group
Main duties and responsibilities
The Strategic Planning Group supervises the preparation of the bank’s strategic directions and follows up and evaluates the steps taken to achieve its objectives. It provides the necessary support to the Board of Directors on strategic planning processes and matters of strategic importance, including business development and expansion. The group is also responsible for monitoring the bank’s progress in achieving its long-term financial and strategic objectives. The group consists of five members, and the number of meetings of the Strategic Planning Group during the year 2020 was two, and the attendance rate of the meetings was (in person) 100%.
Meetings of the Strategic Planning Group in the year 2020
Gentlemen attendance record members of the Strategic Planning Group and the originality of the Agency for the meetings of the group in 2020 | |||
Members | Position | 2020.04.08 | 2020.11.02 |
1. Eng. Abdullah Mohammed Al-Issa | President | ||
2. Ibrahim Hassan Sharbatly | Member | ||
3. Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | Member | ||
4. Abdul-Rahman Amin Jawa | Member | ||
5. Mohammed Talal Al-Nahas | Member |
Qualifications and experiences of external committee members
Names of the members of the committees |
Current
jobs |
Previous posts |
Qualifications |
Review Committee | |||
1. Tareq Abdullah Al-Qaraawy |
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2. Abdul Raouf Sullaiman Banaja |
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3. Abdul Aziz Abdullah Al-Duailej |
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Nomination and Remuneration Committee | |||
1. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Falih |
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2. Eng. Khalid Saleh Al-Turairi |
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Evaluating the performance of the Board of Directors and its committees
The Board of Directors uses an external party to evaluate the performance of the Board and its committees, through the participation of members in extensive and comprehensive questionnaires based on international best practices in governance in order to identify strengths and weaknesses to enhance the effectiveness of the performance of the Board of Directors and its committees.
Actions taken by the Board of Directors to inform its members - especially non-executives - of shareholders ’proposals and comments about the company and its performance
The proposals received from the shareholders during the General Assembly meetings, as well as any other proposals that are received by the bank are presented to the Chairman of the Board of Directors. He is required to present them to the next Board Meeting and record them in the minutes of the Board, if any.
Any recommendations from the audit committee which conflicts with the decisions of the Board of Directors, or any situation where the board refused to take into account any recommendations regarding the appointment or dismissal of the Auditor of Riyad Bank, the determination of his fees or evaluating his performance; if so the rationale for these recommendations, and the reasons for not taking them
There are no recommendations from the audit committee that conflicts with the decisions of the Board of Directors, and the Board of Directors has not rejected any recommendations regarding the appointment of an auditor of Riyad Bank, his dismissal, the determination of his fees, or the evaluation of his performance.
Remuneration of the members of the Board of Directors, its committees, and senior executives during the year 2020
The remuneration paid to the members of the Board of Directors of Riyad Bank and the committees emanating from it are determined in accordance with the frameworks set by the instructions issued by the supervisory authorities, and are generally governed by the main principles of governance for banks operating in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, compensation controls issued by the Saudi Central Bank, and the Corporate Governance Regulations issued by the Capital Market Authority, Companies Law issued by the Ministry of Commerce, and the Bank’s Articles of Association.
The Board of Directors - based on the recommendation of the Nominations and Compensations Committee - determines the remuneration of the senior executives, so that the remuneration is consistent with the strategic objectives of the bank, and that they are effective in motivating senior executives to achieve those goals.
Remuneration of Board Members
Name | Fixed remunerations | Variable remunerations *** | End-of-service award | Aggregate Amount | Expenses Allowance**** | |||||||
Specific amount * | Allowance for attending Board meetings | Total Allowance for attending committee meetings ** | In-kind benefits | Remunerations for technical | The remuneration of the Chairman, managing director or secretary if he is a member | Total | ||||||
Independent Members | Eng. Mutaz Kusai AlAzzawi | 355 | 35 | 110 | – | – | – | 145 | – | – | 500 | – |
Ibrahim Hassan Sharbatly | 400 | 35 | 10 | – | – | – | 45 | – | – | 445 | – | |
Jamal Abdul-Karim Al-Rammah | 400 | 35 | 100 | – | – | – | 135 | – | – | 535 | 17 | |
Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | 360 | 35 | 105 | – | – | – | 140 | – | – | 500 | – | |
Mohammed Talal Al-Nahas | 400 | 35 | 10 | – | – | – | 45 | – | – | 445 | – | |
Independent Members | 1,915 | 175 | 335 | – | – | – | 510 | – | – | 2,425 | 17 | |
Non-executive members | Eng. Abdullah Mohammed Al-Issa | 455 | 35 | 10 | – | – | 1,000 | 1,045 | – | – | 1,500 | – |
Abdul-Rahman Amin Jawa | 395 | 30 | 75 | – | – | – | 105 | – | – | 500 | – | |
Mohammed Abdulaziz Al-Afaleq | 365 | 35 | 100 | – | – | – | 135 | – | – | 500 | 1.6 | |
Mohammed Omair Al-Otaibi | 400 | 35 | 85 | – | – | – | 120 | – | – | 520 | – | |
Nader Ibrahim Al-Wehibi | 365 | 35 | 100 | – | – | – | 135 | – | – | 500 | – | |
Non-executive members | 1,980 | 170 | 370 | – | – | – | 1,540 | – | – | 3,520 | 1.6 | |
Total | 3,895 | 345 | 705 | – | – | 1,000 | 2,050 | – | – | 5,945 | 18.6 |
* The remuneration of the members of the Board of Directors amounts to SAR 400,000 for each member, while the remuneration of the Chairman of the Board of Directors is SAR 500,000 in addition to a special reward of SAR 1,000,000, noting that the maximum total remuneration for each member, including the Chairman of the Board of Directors, does not exceed the amount of SAR 500,000, including allowances for attending the meetings of the Board of Directors and its committees as specified in the Companies Law, except for the remuneration of the members of the Audit Committee that do not fall within the scope of the maximum limit stipulated in the Companies Law in accordance with the regulatory controls and procedures issued in implementation of the Companies Law for Joint Stock Companies issued by the Capital Market Authority.
** Allowance for attending committee meetings emanating from the Board of Directors includes allowance for members of the Board of Directors who are not members of such committees but are invited to attend them by the committee, and therefore the total amount each member is entitled to in return for attending the committees' meetings may not be equal to the other statement of the allowance attendance of committee members.
*** Variable bonuses include (percentage of profits, periodic bonuses, short-term incentive plans, long-term incentive plans, bonus shares).
**** Expenses allowance includes transportation and accommodation expenses for members of the Board of Directors and its committees.
Remuneration of members of the committees emanating from the Board of Directors
Name |
Fixed rewards (except for the allowance for attending sessions) |
Allowance to attend sessions |
Total |
Expense allowance* |
Members of the Executive Committee | ||||
1. Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | – | 60 | 60 | – |
2. Abdul-Rahman Amin Jawa | – | 55 | 55 | – |
3. Eng. Mutaz Kusai AlAzzawi | – | 60 | 60 | – |
4. Mohammed Abdulaziz Al-Afaleq | – | 60 | 60 | – |
5. Nader Ibrahim Al-Wehibi | – | 60 | 60 | – |
Total | – | 295 | 295 | – |
Members of the Audit Committee | ||||
1. Jamal Abdul-Karim Al-Rammah | – | 45 | 45 | – |
2. Mohammed Omair Al-Otaibi | – | 45 | 45 | – |
3. Tareq Abdullah Al-Qaraawy (external) | 120 | 45 | 165 | – |
4. AbdulRaouf Sullaiman Banaja (External) | 120 | 45 | 165 | – |
5. Abdul Aziz Abdullah Al-Duailej (external) | 120 | 40 | 160 | – |
Total | 360 | 220 | 580 | – |
Members of the Risk Management Committee | ||||
1. Mohammed Abdulaziz Al-Afaleq | – | 30 | 30 | – |
2. Jamal Abdul-Karim Al-Rammah | – | 30 | 30 | – |
3.Mohammed Omair Al-Otaibi | – | 30 | 30 | – |
Total | – | 90 | 90 | – |
Members of the Nomination and Remuneration Committee | ||||
1.Eng. Mutaz Kusai AlAzzawi | – | 30 | 30 | – |
2. Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | – | 30 | 30 | – |
3. Nader Ibrahim Al-Wehibi | – | 30 | 30 | – |
4. Eng. Ahmad Mohammed Al-Faleh (External) | 120 | 30 | 150 | – |
5.Eng. Khalid Saleh Al-Turairi (External) | 120 | 30 | 150 | 3 |
Total | 240 | 150 | 390 | 3 |
Members of the strategic planning group | ||||
1. Eng. Abdullah Mohammed Al-Issa | – | 10 | 10 | – |
2. Ibrahim Hassan Sharbatly | – | 10 | 10 | – |
3. Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudaibi | – | 10 | 10 | – |
4. Abdul-Rahman Amin Jawa | – | 10 | 10 | – |
5. Mohammed Talal Al-Nahas | – | 10 | 10 | – |
Total | – | 50 | 50 | – |
Members of the committees emanating from the Board of Directors | 600 | 805 | 1,405 | 3 |
* Expenses allowance includes transportation and accommodation expenses for members of the Board of Directors and its committees..
Salary and compensation data for six senior executives, including the CEO and chief financial officer:
Statement |
The amount is in thousands of riyals |
Fixed rewards | |
Salaries | 12,633 |
Allowances | 1,677 |
Benefits | 199 |
Total | 14,509 |
Variable rewards | |
Periodic rewards | 20,138 |
Profits | – |
Short-term incentive plans | – |
Long-term incentive plans | 750 |
Shares awarded | – |
Total | 20,888 |
End-of-service bonus | 1,564 |
Total executive bonus for Board, if any | – |
Total | 36,961 |
Assignment of interests by shareholders, directors, or senior executives
- There are no arrangements or agreements for any member of the Board of Directors or any of the senior executives to waive any salaries, bonuses or compensation. There are no arrangements or agreements regarding any of the shareholders of Riyad Bank waiving any rights to them in the profits.
Changes in major ownership interests
The following table shows the main owners of the Bank who each owns 5% or more of the shares and the changes in their ownership percentages as it is at the end of trading on 31 December 2020.
Name of the shareholder |
The number of shares at the beginning of the year |
The number of shares at the end of the year |
Net
change |
% change |
% Ownership |
Public Investment Fund | 652,608,000 | 652,608,000 | 0 | 0.00% | 21.75% |
The Public Institution for Social Security | 501,757,200 | 501,757,200 | 0 | 0.00% | 16.73% |
Al Nahla Trading and Contracting Company | 261,998,976 | 262,149,903 | 150,927 | 0.06% | 8.74% |
Assila Investment Company | 240,000,000 | 240,000,000 | 0 | 0.00% | 8.00% |
Riyad Bank relied on monitoring the above data on the records of Riyad Bank at the Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul) at the end of the trading 31 December 2020.
Ownership of members of the Board of Directors, senior executives, and their relatives of Riyad Bank shares and its changes during the year 2020
The following two tables show a description of any interest of board members or senior executives and their wives and minor children in the shares or debt instruments of the bank or any of its subsidiaries and any change that occurred in it during the year:
A. Members of the Board of Directors and their relatives
The name of who has the interest |
The number of shares at the beginning of the year |
The number of shares at the end of the year |
Net change |
% Change |
Debt instruments |
Abdullah Muhammad Al-Issa | 1,262,000 | 1,262,000 | – | 0.00% | – |
Jamal Abdul Karim Al Ramah | 1,142 | 1,142 | – | 0.00% | – |
Ibrahim Hassan Sharbatly | 694,508 | 694,508 | – | 0.00% | – |
Talal Ibrahim Al-Qudhaibi | 66,864 | 66,864 | – | 0.00% | – |
Abdulrahman Amin Jawa | 1,928 | 1,928 | – | 0.00% | – |
Muhammad Talal Al-Nahhas | – | – | – | 0.00% | – |
Muhammad Abdulaziz Al-Afaliq | 100,000 | 100,000 | – | 0.00% | – |
Mohammed Omair Al-Otaibi | 1,000 | 1,000 | – | 0.00% | – |
Moataz Qusay Al-Azzawi | 1,347,000 | 1,347,000 | – | 0.00% | – |
Nader Ibrahim Al-Wahaibi | – | – | – | 0.00% | – |
B. Senior executives and their spouses, wives and minor children
The name of who has the interest |
The number of shares at the beginning of the year |
The number of shares at the end of the year |
Net change |
% Change |
Debt instruments |
Riad Otaibi Al-Zahrani | – | 66,868 | 66,868 | 100% | – |
General Assemblies held during the year 2020
Riyad Bank held an assembly for its shareholders during the fiscal year 2020, which is the ordinary general assembly held on 08/01/1441 AH corresponding to 25 March 2020, and the following is a record of the attendance of the members of the Board of Directors for these meetings :
Name |
Attendees |
The Ordinary General Assembly, held on 25 March 2020 | |
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Statement of the number of Riyad Bank’s requests for records of shareholders and dates and causes during the 2020
The date of application | Reason |
2020.07.03 | Profit file |
2020.09.30 | Corporate Actions |
2020.12.27 | Data shareholders by the end of the year 2020 |
Assurances of the Board of Directors
- That the account records have been prepared correctly;
- That the internal control system was prepared on sound grounds and was effectively implemented;
- There is no doubt about the ability of Riyad Bank to continue its activity;
- That there is no contract to which Riyad Bank was a party, and there is or was a substantial interest in it for the Chairman and any of the Members of the Board of Directors of Riyad Bank or for the CEO or the First Financial Officer or for any person directly related to any of them, except for what was mentioned in the Statement of Transactions with Related Parties.
Interests in voting shares
No stakeholder in the category of shares eligible to vote belonging to persons (except for members of the board of directors of Riyad Bank and senior executives and their relatives) informed Riyad Bank of these rights under Article 68 of the Rules for the Offer of Securities and Continuing Obligations, and any change in these rights during the fiscal year 2020.
Auditors accounts
Ordinary General Assembly approved the shareholders of Riyad Bank at its meeting held on 25 March 2020, to appoint “Ernst & Young” and “PricewaterhouseCoopers” as the Bank accounts for the financial year ending 31 December 2020. The General Assembly will consider at its next meeting the reappointment or replacement of the current auditors and determining their fees for auditing the accounts of Riyad Bank for the fiscal year ending 31 December 2021, after reviewing the recommendation of the Board of Directors in this regard based on the recommendation of the emerging audit committee.
Auditors’ reservations on the annual financial statements
The auditors’ report shows that the financial statements are free of any material misstatement, and there are no reservations about them.
Recommendations of the Board of Directors to replace the auditors and their reasons
The Board of Directors did not recommend the replacement of the auditors before the end of the period for which they were appointed.
Corporate Governance list Corporate
In general, Riyad Bank is obliged to apply the provisions set out in the Corporate Governance Regulations issued by the Capital Market Authority, and the main principles of governance in the banks operating in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the instructions issued by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority. Riyad Bank is keen to adhere to all the regulations of governance and keep abreast in this regards. Further, the Bank keeps updating the relevant policies and procedures upon the issuance of regulatory developments that so entail.